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Celestial Information
🌍 Earth
Diameter: 12,742 km
Distance from Sun: 149.6 million km
Orbital Period: 365.25 days
Day Length: 24 hours
🌙 Moon
Diameter: 3,474 km
Distance from Earth: 384,400 km
Orbital Period: 27.3 days
Tidally Locked: Same side always faces Earth
🔴 Mars
Diameter: 6,779 km
Distance from Sun: 227.9 million km
Orbital Period: 687 days
Day Length: 24.6 hours
Orbital Mechanics
Kepler's Laws
Planets orbit in ellipses with the Sun at one focus. Closer objects orbit faster than distant ones.
Gravitational Force
F = G(m₁m₂)/r² - Force decreases with the square of distance between objects.
Scale Distances
Earth-Moon: 384,400 km
Earth-Mars: Variable (54.6M - 401M km)
Tidal Locking
The Moon's rotation period equals its orbital period, so the same side always faces Earth.